home | 6th-15th centuries | 18-19th centuries | 1901 to World War II | 1945 to 21st century
Europeans to Asia and Africa in the 1500s -- maritime trade to Asia and Africa
The Portuguese in America, to 1600 -- Brazil, conquest and slavery
Spain into the Americas, to 1600 -- guns and germs from South America to New Mexico
Latin America in the 17th Century -- including New Mexico, Texas and the Portuguese in Brazil
French, Dutch and English to America -- north from Florida, 1550 to 1700
African Empires, Slavery and Europeans: 1550 to 1700 -- empires of blacks and white intrusions
The Protestant Reformation, to 1600 -- discontent, Luther's protest and spread of the movement
Thirty Years' War -- 1618-48, origins, witches, pogroms, Peace of Westphalia
Dutch Capitalism and Liberalism -- prosperity, tolerance and a modern liberal order
Stagnation and Decline in Spain -- the landed and their value dominate
England, from James to William and Mary -- from civil war to the Glorious Revolution
Russia, to 1700 -- Ivan the Terrible, Status of Women, Peter the Great
Iran, the Safavids and Ottoman Expansion -- Shia and Sunni conflict
Ottoman Empire: Economic and Military Decline -- the Ottoman Empire
India: Mughals, Sikhs and Europeans -- India fragmented and violent
China from Ming to Qing -- integration, rebellion, conquest
Japan, 1333 to 1700 -- the economy and wars for power among landowners
Korea's Joseon Dynasty -- monarchy from the 1390s, Japan's intrusion and independence
The Indonesian Archipelago, to 1700 -- Hindus, Muslims and the Dutch
Renaissance Writers -- up from the Middle Ages
Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo -- the earth's place in the heavens
René Descartes -- a "rationalist" who starts with doubt
Baruch Spinoza -- a "rationalist" among the Dutch
Hobbes, Locke and Newton -- politics, empiricism and Newton's physics versus spiritualistic magic
Notes on Religion in 16th Century Europe -- no admission of atheism; sensuality
Biblical Criticism by Spinoza -- Enlightment reasoning and questions rather than mere faith.
Puritan Trials of Anne Hutchinson -- "a woman not fit for our society"
Japan: Religious Diversity into the 1600s -- sects, sub-sects and restricted freedom
home | 6th-15th centuries | 18-19th centuries | 1901 to World War II | 1945 to 21st century