Karl Marx

Marx for liberty; Marx turns Communist during hard times; Marx and the failed revolutions of 1848;
Theorizing and frustration, 1867; The Paris Commune, 1871; Death and Legacy

Karl Marx was the son of a wealthy Jewish lawyer who had converted to Lutheranism. Karl was born in the Prussian-ruled city of Trier, in the Rhineland, near Luxembourg and France. He was brought up in the tradition of the Enlightenment.

Prussia was authoritarian, a monarchy, and in 1832 at the age of sixteen Karl was aware of government agents scrutinizing his father despite his father's law-abiding and conformist ways. Mary Gabriel writes:

Marx now experienced at first hand the Berlin government's terrifying and seemingly arbitrary reach, and the anger and indignity a man felt when he realized he was powerless to confront it. (Love and Capital, p. 19)

Marx studied philosophy at the University of Bonn. As his graduate essay he wrote that human nature was such that a person could achieve fulfillment only by working for the perfection and welfare of others.

He pursed post-graduate studies at the University of Berlin beginning in 1838 at age 20. He joined those who admired Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy regarding social change and history moved by conflict. Prussian authorities were afraid that Hegelians might see change as applying to the rule of the monarchy to which they were attached. And Marx and others did see in Hegel's resolutions to conflict (his dialectic) the possibility of political revolution.

Marx won recognition as a sharp participant in the debates in coffee houses and beer halls in Berlin. While at the University of Berlin he took only two courses. One was taught by Bruno Bauer, a Hegelian who worked in Biblical criticism and argued that Jesus was a historical myth. Hegel (1770-1831) viewed God as directing humanity's conflicts. Marx and his Hegelian friends put a twist on Hegel, seeing people instead as choosing their own course -- a view of God in conflict with the Prussian monarchy's view that God directed its rule.

Marx acquired a doctorate of philosophy at the age of twenty-three, and for his dissertation he compared the Greek philosophers Democritus and Epicurus. He entered the world of work as a journalist. His father had died in 1838, and Marx's mother remained tight with the family money. Marx was hard pressed financially and still planning to marry the woman to whom he had been engaged since he was seventeen: Jenney, three years older than he.

Jenney's father, Baron Ludwig von Westphalen, was a government official in Trier. Like more than a few aristocrats he was an Enlightenment liberal. He had been a friend of Marx's father and had taken a liking to Karl, and it was Karl who looked after him when he became seriously ill in December 1841. It was Baron von Westphalen who had introduced the young Marx to the idea of socialism -- the socialism of Saint-Simon. He had given his approval for Marx to marry his daughter. The Baron died in March, but his great wealth and eventual marriage to his daughter would not free Marx from financial stress.

Karl Marx -- Social Revolutionary