Science and Philosophy Index
from antiquity to the 21st century

Ancient World

Philosophy in India: Upanishad Writers; Buddhism -- spiritualists, materialists, Siddartha Gautama

Philosophy in China: Confucious, Taoists and Others -- Mozi, Laozi, Xunzi, Legalists, I-ching, Yin and Yang

The pre-Socratics -- Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoras, Xenophanese, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, et cetera

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle -- gods of Homer, nature of idea, categories and science

Cynics, Skeptics, Stoics and Epicureans -- Antithenes, Diogenes, Pyrrho, Arcesilaus, Zeno of Citium, Epicurus

Philosophy and the Roman Empire -- Cicero, Senaca, Plutarch, Lucian and cynics, Aurelius, Galen, Plotinus

6th to 15th Centuries

Western Europe -- Bede, Abelard, Lombard, Aquinas, Ockam, Aucassin and Nicolette

East Asia --Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi, neo-Confucianism

Muslims -- al-Kindi, Ibn Sena (Avicenna), al-Ghazali, Omar Khayyam

16th to 19th Centuries

European Literature and Science, to Galileo -- 1580 to 1642, from Shakespeare to the astronomers

René Descartes -- a "rationalist" who starts with doubt

Baruch Spinoza -- a "rationalist" among the Dutch

Hobbes, Locke and Newton -- politics, empiricism and Newton's physics versus spiritualistic magic

Eighteenth Century Enlightenment Philosophers -- from Britain, France and Germany

Optimism, Adam Smith, Liberals and Utopians -- 1750 to 1883, economics and social theory

Secularism and Science to 1900 -- science, Darwin, intelligent design and atheism

Philosophers and Historians -- Hegel; Kierkegaard; Schopenhauer; Nietzsche; Treitschke, Gobineau

1901 into the 21st century

Marxism, Mach and Einstein -- Eduard Bernstein, Lenin, quantum mechanics, determinism, time

Economics: the Austrian School and Keynes -- Böhm-Bawerk, Schumpeter, Mises, Bukharin, Keynes

Spengler, Durkheim and Weber -- spirit, decline, sociology, structural functionalism, anti-positivism, Tönnies

Fascism and Philosophy -- Pareto, Gentile, Rosenberg, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, Kita Ikki, Nakano Seigo

Dewey, Russell and Whitehead -- education, pragmatism, modesty, knowledge limits

Camus and Sartre -- choice, creativity, angst and commitment in an uncaring universe

Hannah Arendt -- a more detailed description coming in February

Martin Heidegger -- as Bertrand Russell wrote: language "running riot."

Karl Popper -- versus Wittgenstein. The Open Society

A.J. Ayer -- Language, Truth and Logic

Evolutionary Biology -- Up from Charles Darwin

Linguistics Wars -- Chomsky, Lakoff and Pinker

Knowledge, a "Postmodern" View -- limits to knowing. Edmund Gettier

Judge Not ... " -- a modern interpretation of commonly misinterpreted ancient Christian wisdom

Inventing Morality -- the individual, the Roman Catholic view, moral relativism, government and democracy

Buckley, Rand, Kirk and Strauss -- intellectuals from the 1950s

Capitalism, Socialism and Wealth Distribution -- from Roosevelt to Obama and today's China

Freedom and Politics -- the state as master of conflicts and compromise